A secondary school is both an organization that provides secondary education and the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools can provide both lower secondary education> and upper secondary education (levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale), but these can also be provided in separate schools, as in the American middle school- high school system.
Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages of 11 and 16. The organisations, buildings, and terminology are more or less unique in each country.
Levels of education
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Terminology- descriptions of cohorts
Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the 'equivalent ages', then countries that base their education systems on the 'English model' use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on the 'American K-12 model' refer to their year groups as 'grades'. This terminology extends into research literature. Below is a convenient comparison
Theoretical framework
School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate:
- Curriculum content
- Teaching methods
- Costs
- Education within the political framework
- Use of school building (also in the community setting)
- Constraints imposed by the site
- Design philosophy
Each country will have a different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed.
According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55 m², or more generously 62 m². A general art room for 30 students needs to be 83 m², but 104 m² for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m². Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary (practical specialism). and 1,850 place secondary school.
Building design specifications
The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of: The students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum secondary school will meet the minimum conditions and will have :
- adequately-sized classrooms;
- specialised teaching spaces;
- a staff preparation room;
- an administration block;
- multipurpose classrooms;
- a general purpose school hall;
- laboratories for science, technology, mathematics and life sciences, as may be required;
- adequate equipment;
- a library or library stocks that are regularly renewed; and
- computer rooms or media centres.
Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced.
The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014. It said the floor area should be 1050m² (+ 350m² if there is a sixth form) + 6.3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m².
Secondary schools by country
A secondary school, locally may be called high school or senior high school. In some countries there are two phases to secondary education (ISCED 2) and (ISCED 3), here the junior high school, intermediate school, lower secondary school, or middle school occurs between the primary school (ISCED 1) and high school.
- Names for secondary schools by country
- Argentina: secundaria or polimodal, escuela secundaria
- Australia: high school, secondary college
- Austria: gymnasium (Ober- & Unterstufe), Hauptschule, Höhere Bundeslehranstalt (HBLA), Höhere Technische Lehranstalt (HTL)
- Azerbaijan: orta məktəb
- Bahamas, The: junior high (grades 7â€"9), senior high (grades 10â€"12)
- Belgium: lagere school/école primaire, secundair onderwijs/école secondaire, humaniora/humanités
- Bolivia: educación primaria superior (grades 6â€"8) and educación secundaria, (grades 9â€"12)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: srednja Å¡kola (literally middle school), gimnazija (gymnasium)
- Brazil: ensino médio (officially), segundo grau (formerly)
- Brunei: mostly sekolah menengah (English translation: secondary school), a few maktab (English translation: college)
- Bulgaria: cредно образование (grades 8â€"12)
- Canada: High school, junior high or middle school, secondary school, école secondaire, lycée, collegiate institute, polyvalente
- Chile: enseñanza media
- China: zhong xue (ä¸å¦; literally, middle school), consisting of chu zhong (åˆä¸; literally beginning middle) from grades 7 to 9 and gao zhong (高ä¸; literally high middle) from grades 10 to 12
- Colombia: bachillerato, segunda enseñanza (literally second learning)
- Croatia: srednja Å¡kola (literally middle school), gimnazija (gymnasium)
- Cyprus: Î"υμνάσιο (gymnasium), Ενιαίο ΛÏκειο (Lyceum)
- Czech Republic: stÅ™ednà škola (literally middle school), gymnázium (gymnasium), stÅ™ednà odborné uÄiliÅ¡tÄ›
- Denmark: gymnasium
- Dominican Republic: nivel medio, bachillerato
- Egypt: Thanawya Amma (ثانوية عامة), (public secondary certificate)
- Estonia: upper secondary school, gymnasium, Lyceum
- Finland: lukio (Finn.) gymnasium (Swed.)
- France: collège (junior), lycée (senior)
- Germany: Gymnasium, Gesamtschule, Realschule, Hauptschule, Fachoberschule
- Greece: Î"υμνάσιο (3 years) (gymnasium), Î"ενικό ΛÏκειο (3 years) (~1996, 2006~present), Ενιαίο ΛÏκειο (3 years), (1997~2006) (lyceum)
- Hong Kong: Secondary school (ä¸å¸)
- Hungary: gimnázium (grammar school), középiskola (comprehensive school, lit. "middle-school"), szakközépiskola (vocational secondary school, lit. "specified middle-school")
- Iceland: framhaldsskóli (menntaskóli, iðnskóli, fjölbrautaskóli) from 11-13 Grade. You go first in 1 - 10 Grade then you change the school to Menntaskóla and take 3 years (11-13 Grade). But you can also take it 4 years.
- India: secondary school, higher secondary school
- Indonesia: sekolah menengah atas (SMA) (lit. "upper middle school"), sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) (lit. "first middle school"), sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK) (vocational school, lit. "middle vocational school")
- Ireland: Meánscoil or Secondary School
- Italy: scuola secondaria di primo grado (3 years) + scuola secondaria di secondo grado (5 years): Liceo, Istituto Tecnico and professionale (3â€"4 years)
- Japan: chÅ«gakkÅ (ä¸å¦æ ¡; literally middle school), kÅtÅgakkÅ (高ç‰å¦æ ¡; literally high school), chÅ«tÅkyÅikugakkÅ (ä¸ç‰æ•™è‚²å¦æ ¡; Secondary School) â€" In the pre-Meiji educational system, the equivalent was called "chÅ«sei"
- South Korea: ì¤'ë"±êµìœ¡ (joongdeung gyoyook; literally middle education), comprising ì¤'í•™êµ (joonghakkyo; grades 7â€"9, though referred to as "middle school grades 1â€"3") and ê³ ë"±í•™êµ (godeunghakkyo; grades 10â€"12, though referred to as "high school grades 1â€"3")
- Latvia: vidusskola (literally middle school)
- Liechtenstein: gymnasium
- Lithuania: vidurinÄ— mokykla (literally middle school), gimnazija (gymnasium), licÄ—jus (lyceum)
- Malaysia: secondary school or sekolah menengah, sometimes high school is used
- Malta: skola sekondarja or secondary school
- Mexico: educación secundaria y preparatoria
- Mongolia: бүрÑн дунд Ñургууль
- Netherlands: middelbare school or voortgezet onderwijs
- New Zealand: high school, college or secondary school
- Norway: videregående skole
- Pakistan: secondary school, higher secondary school
- Paraguay: educación media
- Peru: educación secundaria or escuela secundaria
- Philippines: high school or mataas na paaralan
- Poland: gimnazjum (grades 7â€"9), liceum (grades 10â€"12)
- Portugal: 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (5th and 6th grades), 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (7th to 9th grades), and Ensino Secundário, Liceu (10th to 12th grades)
- Romania: gimnaziu (grades 5â€"8), liceu (grades 9â€"12)
- Russia: ÑреднÑÑ ÑˆÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð° (literally middle school)
- Serbia: gymnasium (4 years), professional schools (4 years), vocational schools (3 or 4 years)
- Spain: educación secundaria, composed of two cycles: E.S.O. (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, compulsory secondary education, 4 years, 7th to 10th grade) and bachillerato (non-compulsory secondary education, 2 years, 11th and 12th grade); formerly, primary education comprised up to the 8th grade and the secondary education was composed of two non-compulsory cycles: B.U.P. (Bachillerato Unificado Polivalente, 3 years, 9th to 11th grade) and C.O.U. (Curso de Orientación Universitaria, 1 year, 12th grade)
- Sweden: gymnasium
- Switzerland: gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée
- Taiwan: Junior High School (國æ°'ä¸å¸), Senior High School (高級ä¸å¸), Vocational High School (高級è·æ¥ä¸å¸), Military School (è»æ ¡), and Complete High School (完全ä¸å¸).
- Thailand: mạá¹hymṣ̄ụksÌ„Ê¹Ä (มัธยมศึà¸à¸©à¸²; ilt. "Secondary education")
- Turkey: Lise
- Ukraine: ÑÐµÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñвіта (transliteration: serednya osvita)
- United Kingdom: Secondary School (May be referred to as High School)
- United States: High school (North America) (usually grades 9â€"12 but sometimes 10â€"12, it is also called senior high school) is always considered secondary education; junior high school or intermediate school or middle school (6â€"8, 7â€"8, 6â€"9, 7â€"9, or other variations) are sometimes considered secondary education.
- Uruguay: Liceo or Secundaria (3 years of compulsory education: Ciclo Básico; and 3 years of specialization: Bachillerato Diversificado, into: Humanities (Law or Economics), Biology (Medicine or Agronomy), Science (Engineering or Architecture), and Art
- Venezuela: bachillerato
- Vietnam: Trung há»c cÆ¡ sở (lit. basis middle school) Trung há»c phổ thông (lit. "popular middle school")
- South Korea: ê³ ë"±í•™êµ (lit. trans. from the American term "high school") (equiv. to America's 10th-12th grades)
See also
- List of schools by country
- Secondary education
- Tertiary education
References
External links
- Australian CensusAtSchool (Australia)
- Canadian Education Statistics Council (CESC) (United States)
- Office for National Statistics (ONS) (United Kingdom)
- BB103_Area_Guidelines_for_Mainstream_Schools (2014) UK
- National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (United States)
- OECD Standardised designs (2011)